Michigan's lumber industry and 19 century drew closer together. Timber barons has swept across the state as a hurricane, as they did in New England and New York, carting away the world's last great stand of white pine forest. In its wake lay dying city, hundreds of kilometers away from combustible waste, erosion made wetland and amazement on the part of those left behind to have traded his inheritance for a handful of bright money. Wood cities across the country, one of them, Caro, was appointed for some inexplicable reason, after Cairo, Egypt, faced extinction.
If the city was that even the chances of finding a place in the 20 century, then it is necessary to the industry. City mayors and other leaders across the state cast around for one. In Caro, speaking on sugarbeets has drifted away from the Bay County, where an entrepreneur named Thomas Cranage built sugar factory in Essexville, Bay City suburb, the other lumber town in search of economic base to replace daska.Rezultati Cranage experiment aroused the enthusiasm that was quickly replaced by gloom settled in the hearts and minds of the leaders faltering ironing boards.
Cranage traveled to Nebraska, Utah, New Mexico and California, where he witnessed the process and talked with the technician, and then hired. He then created the Michigan Sugar Company, and, avoiding the mistake of many entrepreneurs, I saw that adequate capital to survive disappointment that so often accompany new ventures.
Michigan Sugar Company not only benefit from good planning, but for a good time. First sugarbeet harvest and processing season (called "campaigns" in the speech industry, sugar beet) in the country's history, by any account, extraordinary success. Farmers harvested an average of 10.3 tons from each of the 3103 acres for a total of 32,047 tons of beet sugar sugarbeets.Sadržaj an average of 12.93 percent, with a purity of eighty-two percent of the plants recovered £ 5,685,552 šećera.Sadržaj sugar of 12, 93 percent would mean each bought a ton of sugar containing 258.6 pounds of sugar. Since then, a new sugar factory packed 169 pounds, which is equal to the total sugar recovery of sixty-nine percent, an excellent result for the first campaign.
Principal among the leaders in Caro, the center of business activity for Tuscola County, was Charles Montague. The city is waiting to learn what Mr. Montague thinks talk of sugar.
Montague was fifty-two years when Michigan began to open his eyes to look for sugar. He has already achieved success in many areas, including banking, agriculture, lumber milling, merchandising and production. In addition to owning and operating of hotels, it has operated a local telephone system and electric lighting companies.
If the sugar factory was going to be built in the city, it was necessary to point out that the citizen is on board, someone whose participation will create a groundswell of enthusiasm - enough to shake loose dollars in hidden places - enough to cause farmers positively consider raising the tail that fellow rich. As it would turn out, Caro was one of the few Michigan communities that do not need to generate investment within the community. In Detroit, ninety miles to the south, looking for investors looking for opportunity to mature and closer to home in the nearby town of Vassar, lived a man whose roving eye has never stopped looking for the opportunity.
Richard Hoodless lived in comfort in Vasser, a small town named after Matthew Vassar, founder of Vassar University. He was for many years, traveled Europe's roads, as a buyer of agricultural products for English concern. I saw my first beet fields in Germany twenty years ago, I saw a prosperous factory located near the cities, factories hired workers, bought supplies and pay taxes to local authorities and generally due to the rising tide of sustainable prosperity in which no citizen, directly or indirectly been odbijenpriliku dip the discovery of a treasure-formed from the sugar beet fields.
Hoodless look for ways to duplicate the success of the German farmers. As luck would have it, an ad appeared in Chicago newspapers, placed in August Maritzen, young architect, recently married, who took time from his honeymoon to promote business for manufacturers in Germany, whose name may be imposed only if a majority of Americans are the first mouth full of marbles. It was A. Wernicke Maschinenbau Aktiengesellschaft in Halle, Germany. Hoodless answered the ad and in return, Maritzen offered a significant amount of $ 4,000 (more than $ 80,000 in modern dollars) if Hoodless could generate enough interest to establish a plant in Caro.
On the one hand, Hoodless was Charles Montague, a man who dearly loved wealth and opportunity and technology, as evidenced by his ownership of local telephone and lighting company, the new great features of the late 19th century technology, and on the other hand, in Wernicke, an experienced builder factory want to build a factory in the United States. For help, he turned to two friends, Fred wheat bound for the Montagues at marriage for many years, and John Wilsey, MD. Wheat is a lawyer whose wife was Maria Montague, sister of Charles Montague.
Hoodless then gathered a committee of citizens who became a predecessor Caro Sugar Company.Član committee, Fred Slocum, also served as editor of the Tuscola County Advertiser and helped promote the idea in its news columns. Caro Farmers in the neighborhood, being aware of the great excitement resulting from the experiment Essexville signed and Charles Montague and his associate, banker, John Seeley, who has earned spurs in the mines. He served as vice president of Sebewaing Coal Company;. Organizations led by Spencer O. Fisher, who was also involved in Essexville, Michigan Sugar Company, and later became president of West Bay City Sugar Company
After Montague picked up the ball, he ran for the end zone without taking into account the competitive bids to build a factory. Indeed, it was Wernicke agent Max Schroeder, who joined the Montague Seeley on a trip to Detroit in January evening in 1899.Noć was blistering cold, work in making the vruće.Velik fear is that another city will win the Caro-impact drawing investment dollars from Tuscola County. Time is of the essence.
for one week, the city held the breath as the trio met with important financiers in Detroit. Daniel Gutleben in its sugar Rogue-1954 reported receiving the telegram from the Organizing Committee of the Caro said that the investment capitalists invested in the factory and Wernicke was awarded a contract for its construction. Pandemonium "ruler," according to the Tuscola County Advertiser. Seeley, I arrived on Tuesday evening to train with the story, who still lives in Caro memory, according to each succeeding generation, and recorded in Daniel Gutleben in the chronicles. This is a story that reveals how Charles Montague convinced some big city wheels and retailers invest in Michigan, second sugar beet factory.
No question of Wernicke's ability to build a factory 4,000 miles from their base in a foreign country where the language, customs and economic conditions differed significantly from their homeland. There was no one on board that has had any experience with either a sugar beet factory committees or anticipate the need to engage the corporate officers have such an experience. After all, Wernicke's sugar expert, claiming more than 200 projects, including one just ended in Australia. Also it does not matter, because Wernicke, with enthusiasm running amuck, signed a contract guaranteeing a new factory will part 500 tons of beets per day for at least thirty consecutive days at a cost of three cents per pound for sugar is currently being sold in Chicago for six cents per pound, retail .
This new factory, and even one built one missing disadvantages of building factories in foreign countries, can work at 500 tons per day during the first trip was unheard of. Unavoidable construction delays always creates problems, fine-tuning to avert a full cutting ability for several weeks, sometimes months. Added to the mix factory crews were more accustomed to walking behind a plow or a collapsed tree axes of operation of boilers, motors, distributors, vacuum vessels, evaporators and all in perfect skladu.Godinu days earlier, Essexville plant builders have missed its guarantee for sugar production for the three and a half cents per pound of fifteen cents and paid for it with a set of court settlement, in fact was unknown to Wernicke or rejected at the time of unjustified confidence. Furthermore, Wernicke agreed to fund $ 300,000 of the estimated $ 400,000 construction cost.
for Caro and Detroit investors, it's too good to pass up a deal. He got better as time odmicalo.Selo Council, as added incentive, he bought 100 acres of land into two parcels, one of which belongs to Charles Montague, a gifted that factory owners, one of which is sweetened Montague.Caro plumbing job when offered, free, up to 500,000 gallons of spring water a day.
This is done Caro, as a result of Montague Hoodless energy and ambition and the will of the city who do not get left behind, find themselves, users generally pay a factory outside investors. Above the original name, Caro Sugar Company, Sugar refinery organizers formed a peninsula on the Company's January 30, 1899 of 30,000 shares of nominal value of $ 10. By August of that year, funding jumped to $ 500,000 and jumped again in February 1902, when it climbed to $ 750,000. His final increase occurring in September 1902, when he moved up to as much as one million U.S. dollars -. 100.000 shares at $ 10.00 face value
moneymen included Charles Bewick Detroit industrialists who invested a few years later in East Tawas sugar factories and Henry B. Joy, who in 1905 became president of the Packard Motor Car Company. Joy and his family members invested in several Michigan's sugar factories, including those in Alma, Bay City and Croswell. His brother-in-law and co-founder of Packard Motor Car Company, Truman Newberry, invested in Caro, as well as the joys, has become one of the directors of the company. Newberry in 1918 to catch the fleeting fame as the successful bidder for the position of the U.S. Senate in Michigan, won by Henry Ford, another tycoon who has sought same post. (Newberry fame has lasted longer in the Michigan Upper Peninsula, where they called the city of Newberry in memory of his father's serious about chopping down all the wood he could find and turning them into charcoal .)
Cady and David Gilbert Lee, owners of large stores of food distribution in Detroit, controls among them, nearly 5,000 shares. Gilbert Lee moved to the chair of the President while Henry Joy settled vice-president.
Within a few years Sugar Trust came to town and all promijenilo.Američki sugar refining companies from all over the newspapers as the Sugar Trust, moved to Michigan in 1901 and 1902, and began absorbing the sugar beet factory at a rapid pace. He's gone now, Charles Montague, whose energy and drive expensive parts in the company. Gone, too, was John Seeley, his friend and partner. Richard Hoodless, who started it all, never made it to the shareholder list.
By 1903, the shareholder list reflects some of the best names in the Sugar Trust. Chief among them was Charles B. Warren, a legal adviser for the American sugar refining company, with 22,001 shares of the top 1904 ranking of shareholders popis.Drugi shareholder was Thomas B. Washington, Boston, Massachusetts, director of the American sugar refining company that held 15,667 shares. He would bring to the presidency Sugar Trust four years later after the death of Henry O. Havemeyer, its founder. The third is the Lowell Palmer, the executive with the American sugar refining company that held 10,126 shares. Together, the three controlled 48% Sugar Refining Peninsula Company.Zanimljiva feature list is the lack of shareholder names Caro residents, except for the last few days residents, employees of sugar factories.
American sugar refining company, vilified in the newspapers for its monopolistic tendencies and harried in a federal courtroom for a perceived violation of Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, was held in high regard its 13,000 shareholders, which had a steady stream of dividends, 12% per year of 1894.Pod-appreciated aspect of the sugar Trust is required that companies under its jurisdiction produce high quality products and low prices, and for that purpose to provide expert consultants who have traveled from factory to factory dispensing technical information, training and supervision of staff and pregledobjektima .
, but in 1899, in the village of Caro interest lay, not in the field of high finance and corporate philosophy, but in hundreds of workers in need of boarding, food and clothing and other necessities and luxuries, which caused cash registers to ring all about the city. Men, money, equipment and construction material is fed in a hamlet. Forty-eight carloads of equipment plus 6 million bricks and thousands of cords of stone arrived in quick succession. Three hundred workers, including carpenters who earned fifty cents an hour compared to fifteen cents for common laborers, and five cents for an apprentice electrician, has created a buzz of activities that began when the snow melted in April, and finished 23rd October, when the inspector Georg Bartsch, noted expert in sugar production, with special praise for winning expertise in crystallization and vacuum vessel operation, declared the plant ready for operation.
Performance guarantees for new plant sugar beet struck those who dared to betray them, and will soon plague Wernicke.Tvornica as described by Gutleben, while avoiding some American preferences in terms of material, however, is primarily factory design. She has four quadruple effect evaporators, wrought iron, the supply of combined 8911 square meters of heating surface, the two pans each 9-1/2 feet in diameter x 13 feet high with 753 square meters of heating surface, and centrifugals using a pair of aircraft for final washing sugar. Six 700 cubic feet of spray-cooled vacuum-filled crystallizers installed in the floor pan rapid cooling, modern features that enhance throughput. Nine water-tube boilers equipped with a mechanical furnace provides an adequate supply parom.Betonskog floor, luxury by Michigan standards on the factory, factories separated from the mud and clay that lies beneath.
Two significant differences between the factories of American design and one of the German design caused some immediate mržnja.Je first time that the American style of management called the supervisors that inspired the invention of the term, "Managing in the legs, not your place" while the German way, called field marshal who commanded from afar, sending Lt. forward to gathering information and filling managerial wisdom dictates.
In addition, the European way of governance called a lot of secrecy between the administration and management, and in addition, technicians reserved their knowledge to themselves, sharing what they know only from the children or those who are paid handsomely for upute.Departmentalized factory with European management style perfectly. For this reason, the Caro plant consisted of several separate rooms, or departments, the effect of burdening communications and increase the number of workers needed to operate the factory. Messengers scurried between rooms delivery orders and information, and not always as timely zahtjevaju.Dogovoru circumstances, in later years, make it difficult to expand the factory, the expansion of an area usually occurred at the expense of another. Kilby built the factory, they were built Kilby Joseph of Cleveland, Ohio, the premier designer of many sugar factories, on the other hand, provided enough space for over two or more successive generations of development has allowed the expansion of capacity by five times with only minor additions to structures or foundations.
Wernicke record from the standpoint of practicality and fairness, however, was outstanding. Between March 1, 1899 and 23 October of that year, the German company has supplied a good part of the factory in Germany. Then arranged for designing and building a complete operating facility in a relatively new industry in a foreign country in less than seven months, became the first of eight sugar beet factory was built in Michigan in 1899 which then made it second such plant built in Michigan after the Essexville-a . According to the standards that exist in 1899, more than a hundred years later, Wernicke achievement stands as a monumental achievement. Besides regular upsets, the factory was operating as well, and in some cases, better than any start-up that occurred that year.
Due to the loss of records, in particular, the sugar content of beet processed, the results of the first campaign can only be estimated. Near Bay City reported the sugar content of the thirteen percent and eleven percent was recorded in other parts of the country. By applying the average of twelve percent, then crop received at Caro, suggests a new plant to recover 66 percent of sugar beets, comparing favorably by 61 percent recovered in Benton Harbor, but less than Alma, where recovery has reached 72 percent.
However, encouraging results can be, the simple fact is Wernicke failed to achieve the three conditions set forth in the contract, that failure will result in a hurried walk to the woodshed. First, the factory is part of 500 tons per day for 30 consecutive days, and guaranteed. Second, since more than three cents per pound, a third factory was not ready to accept the first beet September 1899, as promised. Also, according to the company, the sugar produced lacked salability and much is lost in this process. Then he learned Wernicke contentious nature of Michigan's pioneer sugar producers.
Maybe it is possible that the company would break something in consideration of Wernicke exceptional efforts unless the director is considering an operating loss, because the state of Michigan decided to keep the payments promised to the abundance of sugar was produced after 1 January 1899.Nagrada that payment from the state treasury one cent for each kilogram of sugar produced from sugarbeets in Michigan, but was declared unconstitutional by the state auditor, the decision was later upheld by the Supreme Court države.Odluka represented a disaster for investors, because one cent equals approximately one third of poslovanja.Sjedinjene United States Supreme Court refused to consider the case, giving rise to the misconception that the decision upheld the lower court odluku.Unremitted prize money totaled $ 40,436. Urgently needed to move about $ 65,000 loss
When it came time to Wernicke to court, company directors elected as a legal representative, Charles Evans Hughes, a brilliant lawyer destined to become Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. In preparation for his day in court with Wernicke, Hughes has taught German language and the sugar beet industry from the ground up to allow him to cross-examine the German engineers appear as expert witnesses. According to James Howell, a former Caro factory superintendent who is the author of a detailed presentation of Caro plant history, Hughes spent a month in the factory Caro exploring every nook and cranny until she became an expert in its design and function.
resulting litigation, in accordance with Gutleben, resulted in the seizure of $ 300,000 bond is guaranteed by Wernicke, seventy-five percent of the agreed price, causing Wernicke withdraw a total of construction of sugar factories in the United States. Howell, writing six years ago Gutleben, gave something to change the account. He related that Wernicke returned $ 150,000 and forgave $ 125,000 still due on construction contracts.
In short, Oxnard Construction Company appeared in Caro to affect change in the plant, none of which are material in terms of the original construction. American centrifugals, and the American machine tool company, often called "Amtool" in the industry, replaced by those of German design. One big change had nothing to do with shortcomings in the original design. It was the inclusion of Steffen process for removing sugar from melase.Glavni problem was the time of a high ratio of sugar, which escaped the manufacturing process and ended his days mixed with molasses, sticky syrup left over from the manufacturing process.
The second year's financial results were impresivni.Novi centrifugals and Steffens process (called Steffen a house in the industry) have proven their worth. Seven million pounds of sugar went through the warehouse, the product of 30-2000 tons of sugarbeets which contained 14 percent šećera.Tvornica extracted 243 pounds of sugar from each ton of sugarbeets, 35 percent improvement over the first godinu.Novi Steffen process has not only recovered from the sugar approximately twenty tons of molasses produced each day, but recovered and sugar from the molasses left over from previous crops.
Henry Oxnard established for the management of the dynasty Caro
Henry Oxnard has done more than just a redesign of the factory where he applied his efforts to the problems of the existing Caro, which was founded to manage the dynasty that will permanently affect not only the Caro plant, but the fledgling industry, the U.S. sugar beet. Almost ten years earlier, in 1891, Henry Oxnard was recruited from Germany and France some of the finest and best trained technicians on the day after arriving in America, formed the core cadre that would set about to train Americans in sugar beet.
Having established its first level of management, Oxnard and then continued to provide engineering department. Overall responsibility for construction, he turned to AP Cooper, who served a pioneer in Ames, Nebraska plant as assistant engineer. Cooper immediately examined Caro factory and start a plan to affect change, putting in the work of draftsmen who duet with him Caro. One was Daniel Gutleben that will one day rise in the ranks of the premier plant operators, and even later, as the chronicler of the history of the sugar beet industry.
bimodal pillars firmly in place, Oxnard, then saw that the placement of a promising group of workers who lacked adequate training, but who could perform with a high degree of satisfaction, if given proper guardianship.
Charles Sieland, thirty-six years old born in Germany Oxnard employed to oversee the change, rejected his countrymen's tendency to withhold information, other than for financial reward. He was adopted by Henry Oxnard philosophy of sharing information. Caro, in his heart, not just factories, but also players sveučilištu.Dugo factory technicians and managers began their careers in Caro, under his tutelage, and then implements the common knowledge to others, when they moved from factory to factory. One of them was William Hoodless, son of the same Richard Hoodless who started the ball rolling for the acquisition of plant in Caro. Within several years he held responsibility for all plant operations, and not long afterwards accepted the chairmanship of Sugar Refinery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
In 1906, the Sugar Trust consolidated most of its holdings in a Michigan company, Michigan Sugar Company, reviving the name of the first company to build a sugar factory in Michiganu.Šećer new Michigan companies involved Alma Sugar Company, Bay City, Michigan Sugar Company, peninsula sugar refining company, Carrollton sugar company, Croswell sugar, a sugar Sebewaing company. At that time, trust the candidate of the shareholders held a majority stake in the company Blissfield sugar built a year earlier in 1905, East Tawas and Sugar Company, the company, not a business venture in 1904, was in possession of fine sugar factory Kilby built the confidence to use for the Chaska, Minnesota, where he worked for the next sixty-six godina.Društvo Carrollton sugar is also included dead Saginaw sugar Company which owns one-Kilby built the factory, this one for Sterling, Colorado, where he served 1905 - 1985. Charles Warren took over the presidency of Michigan Sugar Company, a position he held until 1925.
By 1920, the sun has set on the Sugar Trust. After generations withstand attacks of various federal agencies, including the U.S. Department of Justice and the Interstate Commerce Commission, the American sugar refining company gradually sold many of the components for private investors and thus Michigan Sugar Company itself released from the grip of sugar trust. His entire post-trust management consists of the Michigan population, none of whom co-operation with the Sugar Trust, with the exception of its president, Charles B. Warren, whose interest lay far beyond, first as ambassador to Japan, 1921-1922, and then Ambassador to Mexico in 1924. Lost his bid to become U.S. attorney in 1925 in a politically charged vote in the Senate influence aversion to Warren past collaboration with Sugar Trust. His aspirations for his roles in the public sector to keep it away from the Office of the President, the role ably filled by William H. Wallace, who bears the title, 3d Vice President and General direktor.Prvi and second vice presidency fell to a few heavy hitters on the list of shareholders who had no involvement in day-to-day activities.
Caro survive time and change
Thanks to James Howell, Caro's manager early in 1944, who provided the written history in 1948, it was learned that Caro began storing sugar in the factory yard in 1937, is an important step for growers who after delivering beets to the factory, you could look for other crops, whereas before it was necessary to deliver beets as they were needed.
in the period 1928-1937, Caro plant, and almost all of Michigan sugar beet factories have suffered ill-effects of the Great Depression. However, from 1937 to date, Caro reported steady progress in the modernization and expansion. Centrifugals for white sugar and a new pulp warehouse 1944.Centrifugalne were added to the apparatus for separating sugar crystals from syrup syrup by filtering through a screen that rotates with enough (usually around 1,200 rpm) speed to create a centrifugal force that drives the syrup through the perforations in the revolves koš.Šećera crystal remains in a basket, a syrup recirculates through the process to recover more sugar. These and other changes caused by the average daily slice rate spread to more than 3,600 tons every twenty-four hours of 500 tonnes per day in the original design that makes it a relatively small plant compared with others in the United States that range from twice to four times larger.
If Caro is the secret of surviving more than 100 years, it is that the factory was rebuilt Oxnard has remained just that for many years and remains so today, meeting challenges such as appearance, gaining the support of their communities and change when opportunity and a chance to join together to compel change. In this way, the oldest surviving sugar beet factory in the United States hanging on the fast-paced industry.
Sources:
Howell, James, History of Caro plant Michigan Sugar Company, Caro Plant unpublished account of the history, 1 May 1948
GUTTLEBEN, Daniel, sugar Rogue - 1954 p.182 buying sugar from sugar factories Trust, p. 177 on the organization of Sebewaing sugar and operating results, printed duplication of Bay Cities, San Francisco, California
Marquis, Albert Nelson, editor, book Detroiters, pages 465-468, Marquis & Company, Chicago, 1908 - a biography of Charles B. Warren
ANNUAL REPORT Michigan, Michigan Archives, Lansing, Michigan:
Peninsula sugar refining companies filed 1904 and Michigan Sugar Company filed a 1924
Moody, John, the truth about the trusts, in relation to the comment that the Sugar Trust has started buying companies of sugar beets in Michigan in 1902 and dividend payments between 1892 and 1900.
the United States. In the District Court of the United States for the southern district of New York
the United States. In the District Court of the United States for the southern district of New York...
the United States. In the District Court of the United States for the southern district of New York...
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